How Deep Is The Water In Santorini

Greek island in the Cyclades

Place in Greece

Santorini / Thira Σαντορίνη / Θήρα
Clockwise from height: Partial panoramic view of Santorini, Sunset in the village of Oia, Ruins of the Stoa Basilica at Ancient Thera, the Orthodox Metropolitan Cathedral of Ypapanti at the town of Fira ([it], the Aegean Bounding main as seen from Oia, and view of Fira from the isle of Nea Kameni at the Santorini caldera.
Santorini / Thira Location inside the region
Coordinates: 36°25′N 25°26′East  /  36.417°Northward 25.433°Eastward  / 36.417; 25.433 Coordinates: 36°25′North 25°26′E  /  36.417°North 25.433°East  / 36.417; 25.433
Country	Hellenic republic
Administrative region	South Aegean
Regional unit	Thira
Government
• Mayor	Antonis Sigalas
Expanse
• Municipality	90.69 kmtwo (35.02 sq mi)
Population (2011)[1]
• Municipality	15,550
• Municipality density	170/km2 (440/sq mi)
• Municipal unit	14,005
Community [1]
• Population	1,857 (2011)
Time zone	UTC+2 (EET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+iii (EEST)
Postal lawmaking	847 00, 847 02
Area code(s)	22860
Vehicle registration	EM
Website	world wide web.thira.gr

Santorini (Greek: Σαντορίνη, pronounced [sandoˈrini]), officially Thira (Greek: Θήρα [ˈθira]) and classic Greek Thera (English language pronunciation ), is an island in the southern Aegean Sea, most 200 km (120 mi) southeast from the Greek mainland. It is the largest island of a small, round archipelago, which bears the same proper name and is the remnant of a caldera. It forms the southernmost member of the Cyclades group of islands, with an surface area of approximately 73 km² (28 sq mi) and a 2011 census population of 15,550. The municipality of Santorini includes the inhabited islands of Santorini and Therasia, besides as the uninhabited islands of Nea Kameni, Palaia Kameni, Aspronisi and Christiana. The total state area is 90.623 km² (34.990 sq mi).^[ii] Santorini is role of the Thira regional unit.^[3]

The island was the site of one of the largest volcanic eruptions in recorded history: the Minoan eruption (sometimes called the Thera eruption), which occurred nearly three,600 years ago at the summit of the Minoan civilization.^[4] The eruption left a large caldera surrounded past volcanic ash deposits hundreds of metres deep.

Information technology is the most active volcanic centre in the Due south Aegean Volcanic Arc, though what remains today is chiefly a water-filled caldera. The volcanic arc is approximately 500 km (300 mi) long and 20 to xl km (12 to 25 mi) wide. The region first became volcanically active around 3–4 million years ago,^{[ citation needed ]} though volcanism on Thera began around 2 meg years agone with the extrusion of dacitic lavas from vents effectually Akrotiri.

Names [edit]

Santorini was named by the Latin Empire in the thirteenth century, and is a reference to Saint Irene, from the name of the one-time cathedral in the village of Perissa – the proper noun Santorini is a wrinkle of the name Santa Irini.^[4] Before and so, it was known as Kallístē ( Καλλίστη , "the most cute 1"), Strongýlē ( Στρογγύλη , "the circular one"),^[five] or Thēra. The name Thera was revived in the nineteenth century every bit the official name of the isle and its main metropolis, but the colloquial name Santorini is even so in popular use.

History [edit]

Minoan Akrotiri [edit]

Excavations starting in 1967 at the Akrotiri site under the late Professor Spyridon Marinatos have made Thera the best-known Minoan site outside of Crete, homeland of the civilization. The island was not known equally Thera at this time. But the southern tip of a large boondocks has been uncovered, still it has revealed complexes of multi-level buildings, streets, and squares with remains of walls continuing as high as 8 metres, all entombed in the solidified ash of the famous eruption of Thera. The site was not a palace-complex equally found in Crete, but neither was information technology a conglomeration of merchants' warehousing, as its first-class masonry and fine wall-paintings bear witness. A loom-workshop suggests organized fabric weaving for export. This Bronze Historic period civilization thrived between 3000 and 2000 BC, reaching its peak in the menstruation between 2000 and 1630 BC.^{[half dozen]}

Many of the houses in Akrotiri are major structures, some of them 3 stories high. Its streets, squares, and walls were preserved in the layers of ejecta, sometimes equally tall as eight metres, indicating this was a major town. In many houses stone staircases are still intact, and they incorporate huge ceramic storage jars (pithoi), mills, and pottery. Noted archaeological remains institute in Akrotiri are wall paintings or frescoes, which have kept their original colour well, as they were preserved under many metres of volcanic ash. The town also had a highly adult drainage system and, judging from the fine artwork, its citizens were clearly sophisticated and relatively wealthy people.

Pipes with running water and water closets constitute at Akrotiri are the oldest such utilities discovered.^{[ commendation needed ]} The pipes run in twin systems, indicating that Therans used both hot and common cold water supplies; the origin of the hot water probably was geothermic, given the volcano's proximity.

Fragmentary wall-paintings at Akrotiri lack the insistent religious or mythological content familiar in Classical Greek décor. Instead, the Minoan frescoes describe "Saffron-Gatherers", who offer their crocus-stamens to a seated lady, mayhap a goddess. Crocus has been discovered to have many medicinal values including the relief of menstrual hurting. This has led many^{[ who? ]} archaeologists to believe that the fresco of the saffron/crocus gatherers is a coming of age fresco dealing with female pubescence. In another house are 2 antelopes painted with a confident calligraphic line, a fisherman holding fish strung past their gills, and a flotilla of pleasance boats, accompanied by leaping dolphins, where ladies take their ease in the shade of light canopies, amidst other frescoes.

The well preserved ruins of the ancient boondocks are oft compared to the spectacular ruins at Pompeii in Italia. The canopy covering the ruins collapsed in an accident in September 2005, killing i tourist and injuring seven more. The site was closed for almost 7 years while a new canopy was congenital. The site was re-opened in April 2012.

The oldest signs of human settlement are Tardily Neolithic (4th millennium BC or earlier), only c. 2000–1650 BC Akrotiri developed into ane of the Aegean's major Bronze Historic period ports, with recovered objects that came not simply from Crete, merely likewise from Anatolia, Cyprus, Syrian arab republic, and Arab republic of egypt, every bit well every bit from the Dodecanese and the Greek mainland.

Dating of the Statuary Age eruption [edit]

Stoa Basilica of ancient Thera

The Minoan eruption provides a stock-still point for the chronology of the second millennium BC in the Aegean, considering evidence of the eruption occurs throughout the region and the site itself contains fabric civilisation from outside. The eruption occurred during the "Tardily Minoan IA" period of Minoan chronology at Crete and the "Belatedly Cycladic I" period in the surrounding islands.

Archaeological evidence, based on the established chronology of Bronze Age Mediterranean cultures, dates the eruption to effectually 1500 BC.^[vii] These dates, however, conflict with radiocarbon dating which indicates that the eruption occurred at almost 1645–1600 BC.^[8] For those, and other reasons, the appointment of the eruption is disputed.

Ancient menstruum [edit]

Pic of a young daughter of Santorini, Cultural Middle Megaro Gyzi, Fira

Skaros Rock, originally the location of medieval fortifications

Presentation of the Theotokos church building, Pyrgos village

Santorini remained unoccupied throughout the remainder of the Statuary Age, during which time the Greeks took over Crete. At Knossos, in a LMIIIA context (14th century BC), seven Linear B texts while calling upon "all the gods" make sure to grant primacy to an elsewhere-unattested entity called qe-ra-si-ja and, once, qe-ra-si-jo. If the endings -ia[s] and -ios correspond an ethnic suffix, and so this ways "The 1 From Qeras[os]". If the initial consonant were aspirated, then *Qhera- would take go "Thera-" in later on Greek. "Therasia" and its ethnikon "Therasios" are both attested in later Greek; and, since -sos was itself a genitive suffix in the Aegean Sprachbund, *Qeras[os] could also shrink to *Qera. An alternating view takes qe-ra-si-ja and qe-ra-si-jo every bit proof of androgyny, and applies this name by similar arguments to the legendary seer, Tiresias, but these views are not mutually exclusive. If qe-ra-si-ja was an ethnikon offset, and then in following him/her/information technology the Cretans also feared whence it came.^[9]

Probably after what is chosen the Bronze Age plummet, Phoenicians founded a site on Thera. Herodotus reports that they called the isle Callista and lived on it for eight generations.^[10] In the 9th century BC, Dorians founded the main Hellenic urban center on Mesa Vouno, 396 m (1,299 ft) in a higher place sea level. This group after claimed that they had named the urban center and the island after their leader, Theras. Today, that urban center is referred to every bit Ancient Thera.

In his Argonautica, written in Hellenistic Egypt in the 3rd century BC, Apollonius Rhodius includes an origin and sovereignty myth of Thera being given past Triton in Libya to the Greek Argonaut Euphemus, son of Poseidon, in the form of a clod of clay. After conveying the dirt next to his center for several days, Euphemus dreamt that he nursed the clay with milk from his breast, and that the dirt turned into a beautiful adult female with whom he had sexual activity. The adult female then told him that she was a girl of Triton named Kalliste, and that when he threw the dirt into the sea it would grow into an isle for his descendants to live on. The poem goes on to claim that the isle was named Thera afterward Euphemus' descendant Theras, son of Autesion, the leader of a group of refugee settlers from Lemnos.

The Dorians take left a number of inscriptions incised in stone, in the vicinity of the temple of Apollo, attesting to pederastic relations between the authors and their lovers (eromenoi). These inscriptions, constitute past Friedrich Hiller von Gaertringen, take been thought by some archaeologists to be of a ritual, celebratory nature, because of their big size, careful construction and – in some cases – execution by craftsmen other than the authors. According to Herodotus,^[eleven] following a drought of seven years, Thera sent out colonists who founded a number of cities in northern Africa, including Cyrene. In the 5th century BC, Dorian Thera did not join the Delian League with Athens; and during the Peloponnesian War, Thera sided with Dorian Sparta, against Athens. The Athenians took the island during the war, but lost it again after the Battle of Aegospotami. During the Hellenistic menstruum, the island was a major naval base for Ptolemaic Egypt.

Medieval and Ottoman flow [edit]

Equally with other Greek territories, Thera and then was ruled by the Romans. When the Roman Empire was divided, the island passed to the eastern side of the Empire which today is known as the Byzantine Empire.^[12] According to George Cedrenus, the volcano erupted again in the summertime of 727, the tenth year of the reign of Leo III the Isaurian.^[13] He writes: "In the same year, in the summertime, a vapour like an oven's fire boiled up for days out of the centre of the islands of Thera and Therasia from the depths of the sea, and the whole place burned like fire, little by fiddling thickening and turning to stone, and the air seemed to exist a fiery torch." This terrifying explosion was interpreted as a divine omen confronting the worship of religious icons^{[14] [15]} and gave the Emperor Leo III the Isaurian the justification he needed to begin implementing his Iconoclasm policy.

The name "Santorini" first appears c.  1153-1154 in the work of the Muslim geographer al-Idrisi, as "Santurin", from the island's patron saint, Saint Irene.^[sixteen] After the Fourth Crusade, it was occupied by the Duchy of Naxos which held it upwards to ca. 1280 when it was reconquered by Licario (the claims of earlier historians that the island had been held by Jacopo I Barozzi and his son as a fief have been refuted in the second half of the twentieth century);^{[17] [xviii] [19]} information technology was again reconquered from the Byzantines ca. 1301 by Iacopo Ii Barozzi, a member of the Cretan branch of the Venetian Barozzi family unit, whose descendant held it until it was annexed in c.  1335 by Niccolo Sanudo after various legal and military conflicts.^[20] In 1318–1331 and 1345–1360 information technology was raided by the Turkish principalities of Menteshe and Aydın, merely did not suffer much damage.^[16] Because of the Venetians the isle became home to a sizable Cosmic customs and is still the seat of a Cosmic bishopric.

From the 15th century on, the suzerainty of the Republic of Venice over the island was recognized in a series of treaties past the Ottoman Empire, but this did not stop Ottoman raids, until it was captured by the Ottoman admiral Piyale Pasha in 1576, as part of a process of annexation of most remaining Latin possessions in the Aegean.^[xvi] It became office of the semi-autonomous domain of the Sultan's Jewish favourite, Joseph Nasi. Santorini retained its privileged position in the 17th century, only suffered in turn from Venetian raids during the frequent Ottoman–Venetian wars of the period, even though in that location were no Muslims on the isle.^[16]

Santorini was captured briefly past the Russians under Alexey Orlov during the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774, but returned to Ottoman command subsequently.

19th century [edit]

In 1807, the islanders were forced past the Sublime Porte to send fifty sailors to Mykonos to serve in the Ottoman navy.^[21]

In 1810 Santorini with 32 ships was the seventh largest of the Greek fleet after Kefallinia (118), Hydra (120), Psara (60), Ithaca (38) Spetsai (60) and Skopelos (35).^[22]

In the terminal years of Ottoman rule the majority of residents were farmers and seafarers who exported their arable produce, while the level of education was improving on the island, with the Monastery of Profitis Ilias ane of the most important monastic centres in the Cyclades.^[21]

In 1821 the island was dwelling to 13,235 inhabitants, which inside a year had risen to 15,428.

Greek State of war of Independence [edit]

Equally part of its plans to foment a revolt against the Ottoman Empire and gain Greek Independence Alexandros Ypsilantis the head of the Filiki Eteria in early 1821 dispatched Dimitrios Themelis from Patmos and Evangelis Matzarakis ( - 1824), a sea captain from Kefalonia who had Santorini connections to establish a network of supporter in the Cyclades.^[24] As his say-so Matzarakis had a alphabetic character from Ypsilantis (dated 29 December 1820) addressed to the notables of Santorini and the Orthodox metropolitan bishop Zacharias Kyriakos (served 1814 - 1842). At the time the population of Santorini was divided between those who supported independence, and (particularly among the Catholics and non-Orthodox) those who were ambivalent or distrustful of a revolt being directed by Hydra and Spetses and those who were fearful of the Sultan's revenge. While the island didn't come out in direct support of the defection they did send 100 barrels of wine to the Greek fleet also in April 1821, 71 sailors, a priest and the presbyter Nikolaos Dekazas, to serve on the Spetsiote fleet.^[21]

Because of the lack of bulk back up for straight participation in the defection it was necessary for Matzarakis to enlist the assist of Kefalonians living in Santorini to on v May 1821^[21] (the feast mean solar day of the patron saint of the isle) raise the flag of the revolution and and so expel the Ottoman officials from the island.^[24] The Provisional Administration of Hellenic republic organised the Aegean islands into six provinces, one of which was Santorini and appointed Matzarakis its governor in April 1822.^{[25] [26]} While he was able to enhance a large amount of money (double that collected on Naxos) he was soon found to lack the needed diplomatic skills, to convince the islanders who had enjoyed considerable autonomy to now accept management from a fundamental authority and contribute revenue enhancement revenue to information technology. He claimed to his superiors that the islanders needed "political re-educational activity" every bit they did non empathise why they had to pay college taxes than those which they enjoyed nether the Ottomans in club to support the struggle for independence. The hostility confronting the taxes acquired many of the tax collectors to resign.

Things were also non helped by the governor'south authoritarian character, arbitrariness and arrests of prominent islanders losing him the support of Zacharias Kyriakos, who had initially supported Matzarakis. In retaliation Matzarakis accused him of being a "Turkophile" and had the archbishop imprisoned and and then exiled him. The abbots of the monasteries, the priests and the prelates, complained to Demetrios Ypsilantis, president of the National Associates.

Matzarakis shortly had to hire bodyguards equally the isle descended into open up revolt against him.^[24] Fearful for his life Matzarakis later fled the island,^[24] and was dismissed from his governorship by Demetrios Ypsilantis. Mazarakis notwithstanding after represented Santorini in the National Assembly and following his death was succeeded in that position in Nov 1824 by Pantoleon Augerino.

One time they heard of massacres of the Greek population of Chios in Apr 1822, many islanders became fearful of Ottoman reprisals, with 2 villages stating they were prepared to surrender,^[24] though xvi monks from the Monastery of Profitis Ilias, led by their abbot Gerasimos Mavrommatis declared in writing their back up for the defection.^[27] Four commissioners for the Aegean islands (amidst them, Benjamin of Lesvos and Konstantinos Metaxas) appointed by the Provisional Administration of Greece arrived in July 1822 to investigate the issues on Santorini. The commissioners were uncompromising in their support for Matzarakis. With news from Chios fresh in their minds the island'due south notables eventually arrested Metaxas, with the intention of handing him over to the Ottomans in society to evidence their loyalty. He was rescued by his Ionian guards.

Matters became so heated that Antonios Barbarigos ( - 1824) who had been serving in the Beginning National Assembly at Epidaurus since xx January 1820 was seriously wounded in the head by a knife attack on Santorini in Oct 1822 during a dispute between the factions. In early on 1823, the Second National Assembly at Astros, imposed a contribution of 90,000 grosis on Santorini to fund the fight for independence, while in 1836 they likewise had to contribute in 1826 to the obligatory loan of 190,000 grosis imposed on the Cyclades.

In decree 573 issued past the National Assembly 17 May 1823 Santorini was recognized as i of 15 provinces in the Greek controlled Aegean (nine in the Cyclades and half-dozen in the Sporades).^[25]

The island became office of the fledgling Greek state under the London Protocol of 3 February 1830, rebelled confronting the authorities of Ioannis Kapodistrias in 1831, and became definitively part of the contained Kingdom of Greece in 1832, with the Treaty of Constantinople.^[16]

Santorini joined an coup that had broken out in Nafplio on ane February 1862 against the rule of Male monarch Otto of Greece. However, the royal government was able to quickly restore control and the revolt had been suppressed past twenty March of that year. Nonetheless the unrest arose once more later on in the twelvemonth which lead to the 23 October 1862 Revolution and the overthrow of King Otto.

Globe State of war 2 [edit]

During the 2nd World War, Santorini was occupied in 1941 by Italian forces and then by the Germans following the Italian armistice in 1943 . In 1944, the German garrison on Santorini was raided by a grouping of British Special Boat Service Commandos, killing almost of its men. Five locals were afterward shot in reprisal, including the mayor.^{[28] [29]}

Postal service-state of war [edit]

In general the island'south economy continued to decline post-obit World State of war 2 with a number of factories endmost as a lot of industrial activity relocated after to Athens. In an endeavor to improve the local economic system the Union of Santorini Cooperatives was established 1947 to process, export and promote the islands agriculture products, in particular its wine. In 1952 they constructed nearly the hamlet of Monolithos what is today the island'southward only remaining love apple processing manufactory. The island's tourism in the early 1950s by and large took the class of pocket-size numbers of wealthy tourists on yacht cruises though the Aegean. The island's children would present arriving passengers with flowers and bid them happy sailing past lighting small lanterns along the steps from Fira downward to the port, offering them a beautiful farewell spectacle. Once such visitor was the actress Olivia de Havilland who visited the isle in September 1955 at the invitation of Petros Nomikos.^[30]

In the early 1950s the shipping magnate Evangelos P. Nomikos and his wife Loula decided to support their birthplace and and then asked residents to choose whether they wanted the couple to pay for the construction of either a hotel or a infirmary, to which local regime replied that they would prefer a hotel. Equally a effect in 1952, the Nomikos' deputed the architect Venetsanos to undertake the design and paid for the construction of the Hotel Atlantis, which was at the time the almost glamorous hotel in the Cyclades.^[31]

In 1954, Santorini had approximately 12,000 inhabitants and very few visitors. The only modes of transport on the island were a jeep, a small bus and the island's traditional donkeys and mules.

1956 earthquake [edit]

At 3.eleven am on 9 July 1956 a earthquake with a magnitude (depending on the particular study) of 7.5,^[32] 7.half-dozen,^[32] seven.7^[33] or seven.viii^[34] struck 30 km south of the isle of Amorgos. Information technology was the largest earthquake of the 20th century in Greece and had a devastating impact on Santorini.^{[34] [33]} It was followed by aftershocks, the most meaning being the outset occurring at three:24 am, 13 minutes after the main stupor, which had a 7.2 magnitude.^[34] This aftershock which originated close to the island of Anafi is believed to take been responsible for most of the impairment and casualties on Santorini.^[34] The earthquake was accompanied past a tsunami which while much higher at other islands is estimated to have reached iii metres at Perissa and 2 metres at Vlichada on Santorini.^[34]

Immediately following the earthquake the Greek Prime number Minister Konstantinos Karamanlis alleged Santorini a state of "big-scale local disaster" and visited the island to audit the state of affairs on 14 July.^[35]

Many countries have offered to send relief efforts, though Greece refused to accept the offer of the United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland to send warships to help from Cyprus where they were involved in the Cyprus Emergency.^[35]

Equally there was no airport the Greek military made air drops of food, tents and supplies, while camps for the homeless were established on the outskirts of Fira.^[36]

On Santorini the earthquakes killed 53 people and injured some other 100.^{[37] [35]} On Santorini 35% of the houses collapsed and 45% suffered major or minor damage.^[35] In total, 529 houses were destroyed, 1,482 were severely damaged and 1,750 lightly damaged.^[35] Almost all public buildings were completely destroyed. One of the largest buildings that survived unscathed was the newly built Hotel Atlantis, which allowed it to be used as a temporary hospital and to house public services. The greatest damage was experienced on the Western side along the edge of the caldera, especially at Oia, with parts of the footing collapsing into the bounding main. The damage from the earthquake reduced virtually of the population to farthermost poverty and acquired many to leave the island in search of amend opportunities with most settling in Athens.^[35]

Tourism [edit]

The expansion of tourism in recent years has resulted in the growth of the economy and population. Santorini was ranked the earth's acme island by many magazines and travel sites, including the Travel+Leisure Mag,^[38] the BBC,^[39] likewise as the Us News.^[40] An estimated ii meg tourists visit annually.^[41]

The island's pumice quarries have been closed since 1986, in gild to preserve the caldera. In 2007, the cruise ship MS Sea Diamond ran ashore and sank inside the caldera. As of 2019, Santorini is a particular describe for Asian couples who come to Santorini to have pre-wedding photos taken confronting the properties of the island's landscape.^[42]

Panoramic view of Santorini'south principal city, Fira.

Geography [edit]

Detailed map of Santorini and nearby islands

Geological setting [edit]

The Cyclades are part of a metamorphic complex that is known as the Cycladic Massif. The complex formed during the Miocene and was folded and metamorphosed during the Alpine orogeny around lx 1000000 years agone. Thera is built upon a small, non-volcanic basement that represents the former not-volcanic island, which was approximately 9 past 6 km (5.6 past 3.7 mi). The basement rock is primarily composed of metamorphosed limestone and schist, which date from the Alpine Orogeny. These non-volcanic rocks are exposed at Mikro Profititis Ilias, Mesa Vouno, the Gavrillos ridge, Pyrgos, Monolithos, and the inner side of the caldera wall between Cape Plaka and Athinios.

The metamorphic grade is a blueschist facies, which results from tectonic deformation by the subduction of the African Plate below the Eurasian Plate. Subduction occurred between the Oligocene and the Miocene, and the metamorphic grade represents the southernmost extent of the Cycladic blueschist belt.

Volcanism [edit]

Volcanism on Santorini is due to the Hellenic subduction zone southwest of Crete. The oceanic crust of the northern margin of the African Plate is existence subducted nether Greece and the Aegean Sea, which is thinned continental crust. The subduction compels the formation of the Hellenic arc, which includes Santorini and other volcanic centres, such as Methana, Milos, and Kos.^[43]

Volcanic craters at Santorini (2011 photo)

The island is the event of repeated sequences of shield volcano construction followed by caldera plummet.^[44] The inner coast around the caldera is a sheer precipice of more than 300 metres (980 ft) drop at its highest, and exhibits the various layers of solidified lava on top of each other, and the main towns perched on the crest. The basis then slopes outwards and downwards towards the outer perimeter, and the outer beaches are smooth and shallow. Beach sand colour depends on which geological layer is exposed; there are beaches with sand or pebbles made of solidified lava of various colours: such as the Red Embankment, the Black Beach and the White Beach. The water at the darker coloured beaches is significantly warmer because the lava acts every bit a heat absorber.

The expanse of Santorini incorporates a grouping of islands created by volcanoes, spanning across Thera, Thirasia, Aspronisi, Palea, and Nea Kameni.

Santorini has erupted many times, with varying degrees of explosivity. At that place have been at to the lowest degree twelve large explosive eruptions, of which at least four were caldera-forming.^[43] The virtually famous eruption is the Minoan eruption, detailed below. Eruptive products range from basalt all the way to rhyolite, and the rhyolitic products are associated with the most explosive eruptions.

The earliest eruptions, many of which were submarine, were on the Akrotiri Peninsula, and active between 650,000 and 550,000 years ago.^[43] These are geochemically distinct from the later volcanism, equally they comprise amphiboles.

Over the past 360,000 years in that location have been two major cycles, each culminating with 2 caldera-forming eruptions. The cycles end when the magma evolves to a rhyolitic composition, causing the most explosive eruptions. In betwixt the caldera-forming eruptions are a series of sub-cycles. Lava flows and small-scale explosive eruptions build up cones, which are thought to impede the flow of magma to the surface.^[43] This allows the formation of large magma chambers, in which the magma can evolve to more silicic compositions. Once this happens, a large explosive eruption destroys the cone. The Kameni islands in the centre of the lagoon are the most recent case of a cone built by this volcano, with much of them subconscious beneath the water.

Recent aerial prototype of the volcano crater

Minoan eruption [edit]

During the Bronze Age, Santorini was the site of the Minoan eruption, 1 of the largest volcanic eruptions in man history. This violent eruption was centred on a modest island merely northward of the existing isle of Nea Kameni in the center of the caldera; the caldera itself was formed several hundred 1000 years ago by the plummet of the heart of a circular island, caused by the elimination of the magma chamber during an eruption. It has been filled several times by ignimbrite since then, and the process repeated itself, most recently 21,000 years ago. The northern function of the caldera was refilled past the volcano, then collapsed again during the Minoan eruption. Earlier the Minoan eruption, the caldera formed a nearly continuous band with the only archway betwixt the tiny isle of Aspronisi and Thera; the eruption destroyed the sections of the ring betwixt Aspronisi and Therasia, and between Therasia and Thera, creating two new channels.

On Santorini, a eolith of white tephra thrown from the eruption is found lying up to 60 m (200 ft) thick, overlying the soil marking the ground level before the eruption, and forming a layer divided into three fairly singled-out bands indicating different phases of the eruption. Archaeological discoveries in 2006 by a team of international scientists revealed that the Santorini event was much more massive than previously thought; it expelled 61 cubic kilometres (15 cu mi) of magma and rock into the Earth's temper, compared to previous estimates of merely 39 cubic kilometres (nine.4 cu mi) in 1991,^{[45] [46] [ better source needed ]} producing an estimated 100 cubic kilometres (24 cu mi) of tephra. Merely the Mountain Tambora volcanic eruption of 1815, the 181 Advertising eruption of the Taupō Volcano, and possibly Baekdu Mount's 946 AD eruption have released more than material into the atmosphere during the past 5,000 years.

The Minoan eruption has been considered as possible inspiration for aboriginal stories including Atlantis and the Exodus. These hypotheses are not supported by current archaeological research, but remain popular in pseudohistory and pseudoarchaeology.

Post-Minoan volcanism [edit]

Post-Minoan eruptive activity is concentrated on the Kameni islands, in the centre of the lagoon. They accept been formed since the Minoan eruption, and the first of them broke the surface of the sea in 197 BC.^[43] Ix subaerial eruptions are recorded in the historical tape since that fourth dimension, with the most contempo catastrophe in 1950.

In 1707 an undersea volcano breached the sea surface, forming the current heart of activity at Nea Kameni in the eye of the lagoon, and eruptions centred on it continue—the twentieth century saw three such, the terminal in 1950. Santorini was also struck by a devastating earthquake in 1956. Although the volcano is dormant at the present time, at the current agile crater (in that location are several former craters on Nea Kameni), steam and carbon dioxide are given off.

Pocket-size tremors and reports of foreign gaseous odours over the course of 2011 and 2012 prompted satellite radar technological analyses and these revealed the source of the symptoms; the magma chamber under the volcano was swelled past a rush of molten rock by x to twenty million cubic metres between January 2011 and April 2012, which also caused parts of the island'southward surface to rise out of the water past a reported eight to xiv centimetres.^[47] Scientists say that the injection of molten rock was equivalent to 20 years' worth of regular activity.^[47]

Climate [edit]

Santorini has a semi-barren climate (BSh in the Köppen climate nomenclature) with Mediterranean characteristics.^[48] Total rainfall averages 371 mm (xiv.6 in) per twelvemonth. In the summer season, strong winds can besides exist observed.^[49]

Climate data for Santorini (1981–2010)
Month	January	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	October	November	Dec	Year
Average high °C (°F)	14 (57)	14 (57)	16 (61)	18 (64)	23 (73)	27 (81)	29 (84)	29 (84)	26 (79)	23 (73)	nineteen (66)	15 (59)	21 (lxx)
Daily mean °C (°F)	12 (54)	12 (54)	14 (57)	16 (61)	20 (68)	24 (75)	26 (79)	26 (79)	24 (75)	21 (lxx)	17 (63)	13 (55)	19 (66)
Boilerplate low °C (°F)	10 (50)	ten (50)	11 (52)	xiii (55)	17 (63)	21 (seventy)	23 (73)	23 (73)	21 (70)	18 (64)	14 (57)	11 (52)	16 (61)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	71 (2.8)	43 (1.vii)	forty (i.vi)	xvi (0.6)	11 (0.4)	0 (0)	vii (0.3)	0 (0)	11 (0.four)	38 (1.5)	59 (2.iii)	75 (3.0)	371 (14.6)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)	x	9	seven	iv	3	0	1	0	ii	4	viii	11	59
Mean daily sunshine hours	seven	7	nine	eleven	12	13	fourteen	13	11	9	8	vi	10
Source: holiday-weather.com[50]

Economy [edit]

Santorini's primary industry is tourism, peculiarly in the summer months. Agriculture too forms part of its economy, and the isle sustains a wine manufacture.

Agriculture [edit]

Because of its unique ecology and climate - and especially its volcanic ash soil - Santorini is home to unique and prized produce such as the Santorini ruddy tomato.

Vino industry [edit]

The island remains the dwelling of a modest, but flourishing, wine industry, based on the indigenous Assyrtiko grape diversity, with auxiliary cultivations of Aegean white varieties such as Athiri and Aidani and the red varieties such as Mavrotragano and Mandilaria. The vines are extremely old and resistant to phylloxera (attributed past local winemakers to the well-tuckered volcanic soil and its chemistry), so the vines needed no replacement during the great phylloxera epidemic of the late 19th century. In their adaptation to their habitat, such vines are planted far autonomously, as their master source of wet is dew, and they often are trained in the shape of low-spiralling baskets, with the grapes hanging within to protect them from the winds.

The viticultural pride of the island is the sweet and strong Vinsanto (Italian: "holy vino") (Visanto), a dessert wine made from the all-time sun-dried Assyrtiko, Athiri, and Aidani grapes, and undergoing long barrel crumbling (upwardly to twenty or xx-five years for the tiptop cuvées). It matures to a sweet, dark amber-orangish, unctuous dessert wine that has achieved worldwide fame, possessing the standard Assyrtiko aromas of citrus and minerals, layered with overtones of nuts, raisins, figs, honey and tea.

Houses built on the edge of the caldera

White wines from the isle are extremely dry with a stiff, citrus odour and mineral and iodide salt aromas contributed by the ashy volcanic soil, whereas butt aging gives to some of the white wines a slight frankincense odour, much like Vinsanto. Information technology is not like shooting fish in a barrel to be a winegrower in Santorini; the hot and dry out conditions give the soil a very low productivity. The yield per hectare is just 10 to 20% of the yields that are common in France or California. The isle's wines are standardised and protected by the "Vinsanto" and "Santorini" OPAP designations of origin.^[51]

Brewing [edit]

A brewery, the Santorini Brewing Company, began operating out of Santorini in 2011, based in the isle's vino region.^[52]

Governance [edit]

The present municipality of Thera (officially: "Thira", Greek: Δήμος Θήρας),^{[53] [54]} which covers all settlements on the islands of Santorini and Therasia, was formed at the 2011 local government reform, by the merger of the former Oia and Thera municipalities.^[3]

Oia is now chosen a Κοινότητα (community), within the municipality of Thera, and information technology consists of the local subdivisions (Greek: τοπικό διαμέρισμα) of Therasia and Oia.

The municipality of Thera includes an additional 12 local subdivisions on Santorini island: Akrotiri, Emporio, Episkopis Gonia, Exo Gonia, Imerovigli, Karterados, Megalohori, Mesaria, Pyrgos Kallistis, Thera (the seat of the municipality), Vothon, and Vourvoulos.^[55]

Towns and villages [edit]

• Akrotiri
• Ammoudi
• Athinios
• Emporio
• Finika
• Fira
• Firostefani
• Imerovigli
• Kamari
• Karterados
• Messaria
• Monolithos
• Oia
• Perissa
• Pyrgos Kallistis
• Vothonas
• Vourvoulos

Attractions [edit]

Compages [edit]

The traditional architecture of Santorini is like to that of the other Cyclades, with depression-lying cubical houses, fabricated of local stone and whitewashed or limewashed with diverse volcanic ashes used as colours. These colors, in recent years, tend to replace white in the color of business firm facades, according to the traditional architecture of the isle as it was developed until the slap-up earthquake of 1956. The unique characteristic is the common utilisation of the hypóskapha: extensions of houses dug sideways or down into the surrounding pumice. These rooms are prized because of the high insulation provided past the air-filled pumice, and are used every bit living quarters of unique coolness in the summertime and warmth in the winter. These are premium storage infinite for produce, especially for wine cellaring: the Kánava wineries of Santorini.

When strong earthquakes struck the island in 1956, half the buildings were completely destroyed and a large number suffered repairable damage. The secret dwellings along the ridge overlooking the caldera, where the instability of the soil was responsible for the groovy extent of the impairment, needed to be evacuated. Near of the population of Santorini had to immigrate to Piraeus and Athens.^[56]

Fortifications [edit]

During the 15th and 16th centuries the Cyclades were under threat from pirates who plundered the harvests, enslaved men and women and sold them in the slave markets. The small-scale bays of the island were likewise ideal every bit hideouts. In response the islanders built their settlements at the highest most inaccessible points, and very close ane to, or on top of, each other; while their external walls, devoid of openings, formed a protective perimeter effectually the hamlet. In addition the post-obit additional types of fortifications were built throughout the island to protect the isle's inhabitants.

• Casteli (castles), also written as kasteli, were large fortified permanent settlements. There were five on the island, Agios Nikolaos (at Oia), Akrotiri, Emborio, Pyrgos and Skaros. At the entrance to every casteli was a church dedicated to Agia (St.) Theodosia, the Protector-Saint of castles.
• Goulas (from the Turkish word koules which means 'tower') were the multi-storey, rectangular and the highest belfry of most kastelli. There were four goulas on the island. They were used both as an observatory and as a place of refuge for the islanders. They had thick walls, parapets, an iron gate, murder holes and embrasures.
• Viglio were modest littoral watchtowers, which were permanently garrisoned, from where a lookout was maintained and an alarm raised when a pirate ship was sighted.

Infrastructure [edit]

Electricity [edit]

Electricity for both Santorini and Therasia is principally supplied from the Thira Democratic Power Station which is located at Monolithos in the eastern part of Santorini. Endemic by Public Power Corporation (PPC) it has diesel engine and gas turbine powered generators. The two islands have a full installed capacity of 75.09 MW of thermal generation and 0.25 MW of renewable generation.^[57] There is a plan underway at a cost of €124 one thousand thousand as office of the Cyclades Interconnection Projection to connect the island via a submarine cable to Naxos and hence by extension to the mainland system past 2023.^[58]

A fire at the ability station in Monolithos, on 13 August 2018 put information technology out of service, resulting in a total loss of electricity supply across the two islands. Within four days electricity had been restored to all only x% of the islands consumers. Vessels were dispatched to carry two power generators to assist in supporting the restoration of the electricity supply.^{[59] [threescore]}

Electricity is distributed around the island by The Hellenic Electricity Distribution System Operator (HEDNO Due south.A. or DEDDIE South.A.) which is a 100% endemic subsidiary of PPC. A cablevision connects the Thirasia and Santorini electric distribution systems.

Transportation [edit]

The key motorcoach station is in Fira, the uppercase of the island, where buses depart very frequently. They cover routes to almost all places around the isle and to most tourist spots.

Airport [edit]

Santorini airport viewed from aboriginal Thera.

Santorini is i of the few Cyclades Islands with a major airport, which lies nigh vi km (four mi) southeast of downtown Thera. The master cobblestone runway (16L-34R) is 2,125 metres (6,972 feet) in length, and the parallel taxiway was built to track specification (16R-34L). It can accommodate Boeing 757, Boeing 737, Airbus 320 serial, Avro RJ, Fokker 70, and ATR 72 shipping. Scheduled airlines include the new Olympic Air, Aegean Airlines, Ryanair, and Sky Express, with chartered flights from other airlines during the summertime, and with transportation to and from the air terminal available through buses, taxis, hotel car-pickups and rental cars.

Land [edit]

Bus services link Fira to almost parts of the island.^[61]

Ports [edit]

Ferry and cruise ship in the caldera 2013

Santorini has ii ports: Athinios (Ferry Port) and Skala (Old Port).^[62] Cruise ships ballast off Skala and passengers are transferred past local boatmen to shore at Skala where Fira is accessed past cable car, on foot or by donkeys and mules.^[63] Tour boats depart from Skala for Nea Kameni and other Santorini destinations.^[64]

Water and sewerage [edit]

As the island lies in a rain shadow between the mountains of Crete and the Peloponnese water seems to have been deficient at to the lowest degree from post-eruption times.^[65] This, combined with the small size of the island, the lack of rivers and the nature of the soil, which is largely composed of volcanic ash, equally well as the high summertime temperatures meant that there was very lilliputian surface water.^[66] With only one spring (Zoodochos Pigi – the Life-giving Spring) this encouraged the do of diverting any rain that fell on roofs and courtyards to elaborate underground cisterns, supplemented in the 20th century with h2o imported from other areas of Greece. Due to the lack of water islanders adult non-irrigated crops such as vines and olives that could survive on merely the scant moisture provided by the common, early morning fog condensing on the ground as dew.

Many cisterns ceased to exist used post-obit the 1956 convulsion. As tourism increased, the existing rainwater harvesting methods proved incapable of supplying the increased demand. As a result it has become necessary to construct desalination plants which now provide running, notwithstanding non-drink water to nigh residents. This has led to many of the historic cisterns falling into disrepair.^[67]

The first desalination institute was built at Oia following a donation in 1992 by Oia built-in businessman Aristeidis Alafouzos. Past 2003 the found had expanded to house three desalination units (of which ii had been donated by Alafouzos).^[68] Equally of 2020 the establish has vi desalination units with a full capacity of ii,800 m³ per day.^[69]

In addition to Oia there are currently desalination plants at Aghia Paraskevi, located on the southwest side of the airport with a capacity of 5,000 m³ per day which supplies Kamari, Vothonas, Messaria, Exo Gonia, Mesa Gonia, Agia Paraskevi and Monolithos;^[70] Fira with a capacity of ane,200 grand³ per day;^[69] Akrotiri (also known equally the Cape) which has two units with a total chapters of 650 thousand³ per day;^[69] Exo Gialos which has 2 units with a total chapters of 2,000 m³ per 24-hour interval which supplies Fira, Imerovigli, Karteradou, Pyrgos, Megalochori and Vourvoulou;^[71] and Therasia which has 2 TEMAK units with a total chapters of 350 m³ per day^[69]

There are also a number of small autonomous drinking water product units with a capacity of half dozen m³ per day located at Kamari, Emporio, Messaria and Thirasia Island.^[69]

The provision of h2o supply and sewage treatment and disposal on both Santorini and Therasia Islands is undertaken by the municipally endemic DEYA Thiras. It was founded in May 2011, after the merging of the Municipal Water Supply and Sewerage Company of Thera (DEYA Thera) and the Community Water Supply and Sewerage Company of Oia ( K .Ε.Υ.Α. Οίας ). Known as DEYATH it is responsible for the planning, construction, management, performance and maintenance of the water supply arrangement (desalination plants and pumping wells), irrigation, drainage, and the wastewater collection networks and treatment plants for the islands of Thira (Santorini) and Therasia. The Loulas and Evangelos Nomikos Foundation has funded a number of projects aimed at improving the water supply and sewage systems on the islands.

Notable people [edit]

• Aristeidis Alafouzos businessman
• Giannis Alafouzos, one-time president of Panathinaikos F.C.
• Mariza Koch, vocalist
• Spyros Markezinis, politician
• Themison of Thera

In popular culture [edit]

The movie Summer Lovers (1982) was filmed on location here.^[72]

The island was a featured filming location in the 2005 film The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants and its sequel.^[73]

The Santorini Film Festival is held annually at the open-air cinema, Cinema Kamari, in Santorini.^[74]

The starting time level of Apotos in the video game Sonic Unleashed, released in 2008, is clearly based on Santorini.

American hip hop musician Rick Ross has a song titled "Santorini Greece", and its 2017 music video was shot on the island.^[75]

The 2018 video game Assassin's Creed Odyssey features a DLC actress entitled Fate of Atlantis, in which a gateway to the mythical lost metropolis of Atlantis is located in a temple beneath the island of Thera.^[76]

In Pokemon Ruby and Sapphire and their remakes, the landscape of Sootopolis City was modeled later that of Santorini.^[77]

The board game Santorini, inspired by the architecture of the island'south cliffside villages, was published in 2004 past Gordon Hamilton.^[78]

The vocal Santorini became one of the hits performed by the Greek-American composer and pianist, Yanni in many of his albums, including his live performances in many of his concerts since the 1993-1994 Live at the Acropolis concert and its 25th Anniversary Edition.

See also [edit]

• List of volcanoes in Greece
• Santorini tomato
• Santorini (wine)
• Santorini cable machine

References [edit]

Notes [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b} "Απογραφή Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2011. ΜΟΝΙΜΟΣ Πληθυσμός" (in Greek). Hellenic Statistical Authority.
2. ^ "Population & housing census 2001 (incl. area and average elevation)" (PDF) (in Greek). National Statistical Service of Hellenic republic. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-21.
3. ^ ^{a b} "ΦΕΚ A 87/2010, Kallikratis reform police text" (in Greek). Regime Gazette.
4. ^ ^{a b} Scheffel, Richard L.; Wernet, Susan J., eds. (1980). Natural Wonders of the Earth. United States of America: Reader's Digest Association, Inc. pp. 336–337. ISBN978-0-89577-087-5.
5. ^ C. Doumas (editor). Thera and the Aegean world: papers presented at the 2d international scientific congress, Santorini, Greece, August 1978. London, 1978. ISBN 0-9506133-0-4
6. ^ TheModernAntiquarian.com, C. Michael Hogan, Akrotiri, The Mod Antique (2007).
7. ^ Warren, Peter G. (2006). "The Date of the Thera Eruption in Relation to Aegean-Egyptian Interconnections and the Egyptian Historical Chronology". In Czerny E.; Hein I.; Hunger H.; Melman D.; Schwab A. (eds.). Timelines: Studies in Award of Manfred Bietak. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta, 149. Louvain-la-Neuve, Kingdom of belgium: Peeters. pp. 2: 305–21. ISBN978-ninety-429-1730-ix.
8. ^ Manning, Stuart W.; Ramsey, C.B.; Kutschera, W.; Higham, T.; Kromer, B.; Steier, P.; Wild, E.M. (2006). "Chronology for the Aegean Tardily Bronze Age 1700–1400 B.C." Science. 312 (5773): 565–69. Bibcode:2006Sci...312..565M. doi:10.1126/science.1125682. PMID 16645092. S2CID 21557268. Retrieved 2007-03-10 .
9. ^ TheraFoundation.org, Minoan Qe-Ra-Si-Ja. The Religious Affect of the Thera Volcano on Minoan Crete. Archived 2006-06-xiv at the Wayback Auto
10. ^ Hist. 4.147
11. ^ Hist. Iv.149–165
12. ^ "Thera - The Ancient City". HeritageDaily - Archaeology News. 2020-06-29. Retrieved 2020-07-03 .
13. ^ George Cedrenus, Σύνοψις ἱστορίων, Vol I, p. 795.
14. ^ Theophanes the Confessor, Chronography pp. 621-622 : «ος [ο Λέων] την κατ' αυτού θείαν οργήν υπέρ εαυτού λογισάμενος». Νικηφόρος σελ. 64 : «Ταύτά φασιν ακούσαντα τον βασιλέα υπολαμβάνειν θείας οργής είναι μηνύματα».
15. ^ Ioannis Panagiotopoulos, «Το ηφαίστειο της Θήρας και η Eικονομαχία». Θεολογία 80 (2009), 235-253
16. ^ ^{a b c d e} Savvides, A. (1997). "Santurin Adasi̊". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, Eastward.; Heinrichs, W. P. & Lecomte, G. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume IX: San–Sze. Leiden: Eastward. J. Brill. p. 20. ISBN978-90-04-10422-8.
17. ^ Silvano Borsari, "Studi sulle colonie veneziane in Romania nel Xiii secolo", 1966, pp.35-37 and 79
18. ^ Louise Buenger Robbert (1985). "Venice and the Crusades". In Setton, Kenneth Thousand.; Zacour, Norman P.; Hazard, Harry W. (eds.). A History of the Crusades, Book 5: The Bear upon of the Crusades on the Near East. Madison and London: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 379–451. ISBN0-299-09140-half-dozen. p. 432
19. ^ Marina Koumanoudi, "The Latins in the Aegean afterward 1204: Interdependence and Interwoven Interests," in Urbs capta: The Fourth Cause and its Consequences, 2005, p.262
20. ^ Marina Koumanoudi, "The Latins in the Aegean after 1204: Interdependence and Interwoven Interests," in Urbs capta: The Fourth Crusade and its Consequences, 2005, p.263
21. ^ ^{a b c d} "Σημεία αντιφώνησης του Προέδρου της Δημοκρατίας κ.Προκοπίου Παυλοπούλου κατά την ανακήρυξή του σ' Επίτιμο Δημότη του Δήμου Θήρας" [Answer to the President of the Republic Mr. Prokopiou Pavlopoulos during his proclamation every bit Honorary Citizen of the Municipality of Thira] (in Greek). Presidency of the Greece. 17 October 2019. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
22. ^ Economou, Emmanouil M.50.; Kyriazis, Nicholas C.; Prassa, Annita (2016). "The Greek Merchant Fleet as a National Navy During the State of war of Independence 1800-1830" (PDF). MPRA. Retrieved 29 Apr 2022.
23. ^ ^{a b c d e} Mazower, Mark (2021). The Greek Revolution: 1821 and the Making of Modern Europe (Hardback). Allen Lane. pp. 144, 148, 157–160. ISBN978-0-241-00410-four.
24. ^ "Μαντζαράκης Ευαγγέλης: (Μαντζοράκης, Μαντσαράκης Γλυκούδης, Ματζαράκης Ευάγγελος)" [Mantzarakis Evangelis: (Mantzorakis, Mantsarakis Glykoudis, Matzarakis Evangelos)]. Foundation of the Greek Parliament for Parliamentarism and Democracy. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
25. ^ "Η Ιερά Μονή Προφήτου Ηλιού Θήρας" [The Holy Monastery of Profitos Ilios Thira]. Ιερά Μονή Προφήτου Ηλιού Θήρας. 31 October 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2022.
26. ^ Mortimer, Gavin. The Special Boat Squadron in WW2, Osprey, 2013, ISBN 1782001891.
27. ^ Lewis, Damien (2014). Churchill's Secret Warriors. Quercus. ISBN978-1848669178.
28. ^ Amburn, Ellis (2018). Olivia de Havilland and the Gold Age of Hollywood (Hardback). Lanham, Dr.: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 241. ISBN978-1-4930-3409-3.
29. ^ "Hotel Atlantis: Our History". Hotel Atlantis. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
30. ^ ^{a b} Tsampouraki-Kraounaki, Konstantina; Sakellariou, Dimitris; Rousakis, Grigoris; Morfis, Ioannis; Panagiotopoulos, Ioannis; Livanos, Isidoros; Manta, Kyriaki; Paraschos, Fratzeska; Papatheodorou, George (2021). "The Santorini-Amorgos Shear Zone: Bear witness for Dextral Transtension in the S Aegean Back-Arc Region, Hellenic republic". Geosciences. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI. eleven (5): 216. Bibcode:2021Geosc..eleven..216T. doi:10.3390/geosciences11050216.
31. ^ ^{a b} Papadimitriou, Eleftheria; Sourlas, Georgios; Karakostas, Vassilios (2005). "Seismicity Variations in the Southern Aegean, Greece, Before and After the Large (M7.seven) 1956 Amorgos Earthquake Due to Evolving Stress". Pure and Practical Geophysics. 162 (five): 783–804. Bibcode:2005PApGe.162..783P. doi:ten.1007/s00024-004-2641-z. S2CID 140605036.
32. ^ ^{a b c d eastward} Okal, Emile A.; Synolakis, Costas Due east.; Uslu, Burak; Kalligeris, Nikos; Voukouvalas, Evangelos (2009). "The 1956 convulsion and tsunami in Amorgos, Greece". Geophysical Journal International. 178 (3): 1533–1554. Bibcode:2009GeoJI.178.1533O. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04237.10.
33. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Simos, Andriana (9 July 2020). "On This 24-hour interval: The 1956 Santorini convulsion and its devastating aftermath". The Greek Herald. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
34. ^ "20 Still Missing In Aegean Quake", New York Times, p. 5, xi July 1956, retrieved 20 March 2022
35. ^ Sedgwick, A.C. (ten July 1956), "Quake, Tidal Wave Hit Aegean; At Least 42 Dead in Greek Isles", New York Times, pp. i, half-dozen, retrieved 20 March 2022
36. ^ "2011 World's Best Awards". Travel+Leisure. Archived from the original on 2011-07-12. Retrieved 2011-07-16 .
37. ^ "World's All-time Islands". BBC. Retrieved 2011-12-01 .
38. ^ "World'south Best Island". US News . Retrieved 2014-04-01 .
39. ^ Smith, Helena (28 Baronial 2017). "Santorini's popularity soars but locals say it has hit saturation bespeak". The Guardian . Retrieved 28 Baronial 2017.
40. ^ Horowitz, Jason; Boushnak, Laura (six August 2019). "The Bride, the Groom and the Greek Sunset: A Perfect Wedding Movie". The New York Times . Retrieved 8 December 2019.
41. ^ ^{a b c d e} Druitt, Timothy H.; L. Edwards; R.Grand. Mellors; D.M. Pyle; R.S.J. Sparks; Thou. Lanphere; Thou. Davies; B. Barriero (1999). Santorini Volcano. Geological Society Memoir. Vol. 19. London: Geological Society. ISBN978-1-86239-048-5.
42. ^ "Geology of Santorini". Volcano Discovery.
43. ^ URI.edu, URI Department of Communications and Marketing
44. ^ NationalGeographic.com, "Atlantis" Eruption Twice equally Large as Previously Believed, Written report Suggests.
45. ^ ^{a b} Brian Handwerk (12 September 2012). "Santorini Bulges as Magma Balloons Underneath". National Geographic Lodge.
46. ^ "Weather in Santorini". Santorini.net.
47. ^ "Santorini information, traditional products, beaches, volcano and villages, Attractions, Events – Santorini holidays 2014". www.greektouristguides.com . Retrieved 2015-10-23 .
48. ^ "Conditions Averages for Santorini, Hellenic republic". vacation-weather.com. Retrieved 2016-09-26 .
49. ^ "Hellenic republic Santorini History". www.greecesantorini.com . Retrieved 2015-11-03 .
50. ^ "Greece'due south Handcrafted Beers Hit the Spot | GreekReporter.com". hellenic republic.greekreporter.com. sixteen January 2018. Retrieved 2018-08-22 .
51. ^ "Δήμος Θήρας, the official municipal government website" (in Greek). Retrieved 2011-04-17 .
52. ^ "Municipality of Thira, English language version of the official municipal authorities website". Archived from the original on 2012-07-27. Retrieved 2011-04-17 .
53. ^ "Spreadsheet tabular array of all administrative subdivisions in Hellenic republic, and their population as of the 18 March 2001 census" (Excel). Hellenic Republic, Ministry building of Interior, Decentralization and E-government. Retrieved 2011-04-17 .
54. ^ "Restoration, Reconstruction and Simulacra" (PDF).
55. ^ GeoEnergy, Think (2018-01-19). "Greek island of Santorini partners with PPC Renewables on geothermal project | ThinkGeoEnergy - Geothermal Free energy News". Retrieved 2022-05-05 .
56. ^ "Santorini-Naxos grid link tender fix to be announced by IPTO". Free energy Press. December 29, 2020. Retrieved January 22, 2021.
57. ^ "Interior, tourism ministers to Santorini to check power problems". ekathimerini. Baronial 16, 2013. Retrieved Jan 15, 2021.
58. ^ "Power supply returning to normal on Santorini". ekathimerini. Baronial 17, 2013. Retrieved January 17, 2021.
59. ^ "Santorini Public Buses". world wide web.ktel-santorini.gr.
60. ^ Santorini Port Authority http://www.santorini-port.com
61. ^ "Greek island accused of abusing its star attraction: donkeys". DW.COM. July 8, 2019. Retrieved July xi, 2019.
62. ^ Santorini Port Authority http://world wide web.santoriniport.com
63. ^ "Santorini Water Museum, Hellenic republic". Water Museums. July 25, 1995. Retrieved January fifteen, 2021.
64. ^ Bitis, Ioannis (2013). "Water supply methods in Ancient Thera: the case of the sanctuary of Apollo Karneios". Water Supply. 13 (3): 638–645. doi:ten.2166/ws.2013.017.
65. ^ Enriquez, Jared; Tipping, David C.; Lee, Jung-Ju; Vijay, Abhinav; Kenny, Laura; Chen, Susan; Mainas, Nikolaos; Holst-Warhaft, Gail; Steenhuis, Tammo (2017). "Water Direction in the Tourism Economic system: Linking the Mediterranean'due south Traditional Rainwater Cisterns to Modern Needs". H2o. nine (11). doi:10.3390/w9110868.
66. ^ "Santorini: Bottled drinking water". ekathimerini. July 30, 2003. Retrieved January 20, 2021.
67. ^ ^{a b c d e} "Desalination Deva Thira". DEYA Thira. 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2021.
68. ^ Zolotas, Dimitris (September one, 2016). "Νέο εργοστάσιο αφαλάτωσης στη Σαντορίνη (New desalination plant in Santorini)". Retrieved January 21, 2021.
69. ^ "Προχωρά η αφαλάτωση στον Έξω Γιαλό Φηρών Σαντορίνης (Desalination is proceeding in Exo Gialos, Fira, Santorini)". Cyclades 24. Feb 27, 2019. Retrieved January 22, 2021.
70. ^ "Summer Lovers". Reelstreets . Retrieved 10 May 2021.
71. ^ "Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants 2 Filming Locations". TripSavvy . Retrieved 10 May 2021.
72. ^ "Santorini Film Festival". FilmFreeway . Retrieved 27 October 2019.
73. ^ "Hither'south What Greeks Call back of Rick Ross' 'Santorini Hellenic republic' Music Video". The Culture Trip. xx September 2017. Retrieved 10 May 2021.
74. ^ "How to showtime The Fate of Atlantis Assassin's Creed Odyssey DLC". VG 24/seven . Retrieved 10 May 2021.
75. ^ "Places From Pokemon Y'all May Already Know From The Existent World". The Odyssey. 18 July 2016. Retrieved x May 2021.
76. ^ Miller, David (March ii, 2017). "Spin Master Taking On Santorini and 5-Minute Dungeon for Push button in to Hobby Market". Royal Pawn . Retrieved September xxx, 2017.

Bibliography [edit]

• Forsyth, Phyllis Y.: Thera in the Statuary Age, Peter Lang Pub Inc, New York 1997. ISBN 0-8204-4889-3
• Friedrich, Due west., Fire in the Body of water: the Santorini Volcano: Natural History and the Fable of Atlantis, translated past Alexander R. McBirney, Cambridge Academy Press, Cambridge, 2000.
• History Channel's "Lost Worlds: Atlantis" archeology series. Features scientists Dr. J. Alexander MacGillivray (archeologist), Dr. Colin F. MacDonald (archaeologist), Professor Floyd McCoy (vulcanologist), Professor Clairy Palyvou (builder), Nahid Humbetli (geologist) and Dr. Gerassimos Papadopoulos (seismologist)

Further reading [edit]

• Bond, A. and Sparks, R. S. J. (1976). "The Minoan eruption of Santorini, Hellenic republic". Journal of the Geological Gild of London, Vol. 132, i–16.
• Doumas, C. (1983). Thera: Pompeii of the ancient Aegean. London: Thames and Hudson.
• Pichler, H. and Friedrich, Westward.L. (1980). "Mechanism of the Minoan eruption of Santorini". Doumas, C. Papers and Proceedings of the 2d International Scientific Congress on Thera and the Aegean World II.

External links [edit]

• 5:12 | A documentary almost the 1956 earthquake in Santorini.
• TheraFoundation.org, The Eruption of Thera: Appointment and Implications
• Santorini.gr, Thira (Santorini) Municipality Official WebSite
• CGS.Illinois.edu , Was the Bronze Age Volcanic Eruption of Thira (Santorini) a Megacatastrophe? A Geological/Archeological Detective Story, Grant Heiken, Independent consultant, author, geologist (retired) Los Alamos National Laboratory; lecture presented at University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, sponsored by CGS.Illinois.edu, Eye for Global Studies and CAS.UIUC.edu, Centre for Avant-garde Study
• NewAdvent.org, Thera (Santorin) – Catholic Encyclopedia article
• URI.edu: Santorini Eruption much larger than previously thought
• Moving Postcards: Santorini
• Older eruption history at Santorini
• Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants and Bang Bang: Santorini In Pop Civilisation
• The castles of Santorini
• Photos of Santorini
• The sacred Rock Le Rocher sacré (Santorin)

How Deep Is The Water In Santorini,

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santorini

Posted by: starnerserroustere.blogspot.com

Share this post